Military-Civil Fusion integrates the PLA with state-owned conglomerates, universities, and major tech companies, producing dual-use technologies designed from the outset to serve both civilian and military needs.

Cotton accused the company of participating in Beijing's military-civil fusion strategy, which seeks to turn civilian technological advances into military capabilities.

Therefore, the CCP has created its own version of CMI, which it calls “military-civil fusion." The CCP aims to use military-civil fusion to build the most technologically advanced military in the world. However, according to the U.S.

The report argues that Beijing built its industry around military-civil fusion, the CCP’s policy of merging civilian industry with the military.

Modernization With Military-Civil Fusion The Military-Civil Fusion strategy is said to have the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) modernize by adopting technological innovations, such as quantum computing, big data, semiconductors, 5G, and Artificial Intelligence

“[Beijing’s] ongoing military-civil fusion strategy includes securing access to civilian ports, transport and logistics networks that can support its armed forces and give it a strategic advantage,” Johnstone said.

They include former Industry and Information Technology Minister Jin Zhuanglong, former Hunan Party Secretary Xu Dazhe, former CASC Chairman Wu Yansheng, and former deputy director of the Central Commission for Military-Civil Fusion Development Office

What the Pentagon List Means The Pentagon says the list is intended to address China’s strategy of military-civil fusion.

Military-civil fusion is the CCP’s policy of incorporating private companies and civilian research into military endeavors. The same ministry’s records now list Alibaba’s models on the iPhones.

Military-civil fusion is Beijing’s effort to draw civilian research, technology, and expertise into military development. Faculty records from XUPT’s communications college also identify defense-related work.

A new C4ADS report reveals that China through its Military-Civil Fusion strategy seeks to fully-integrate its civilian industry base into the People’s Liberation Army supply chain.

It also cited the company's ties to China's defense industry and participation in Beijing's military-civil fusion program, which uses civilian industries and technologies to support military development.

A June Pentagon document identified the state-owned company as acting on behalf of China's People's Liberation Army and contributing to Beijing's military-civil fusion program, which uses civilian industries to support military development.

What the Pentagon List Means The Pentagon says the list is intended to address China’s strategy of military-civil fusion.

Commerce Department described China as pursuing “intelligentized warfare” and using military-civil fusion to share resources and factors of production between the military and civilian sectors.

The Pentagon says the list is intended to address China’s strategy of military-civil fusion.

The Center for Strategic and International Studies describes STAR Market listings as shifting the burden from state balance sheets to public investors while retaining oversight, as part of a toolkit of industrial policy, military-civil fusion, and strategic

However, the CCP closely regulates the satellite-imaging sector under its military-civil fusion policy. China’s National Intelligence Law obligates companies to cooperate with state intelligence work upon demand. According to the U.S.

"The essence of military-civil fusion is that civilian companies can be called upon to support the military and national security system whenever needed."

The same Defense Department document identified COSCO as a military-civil fusion contributor to China’s defense industrial base.

Dual circulation, military-civil fusion, and the 2020 Export Control Law are not the vocabulary of a price-taker. Buying time only works if the other side lacks agency.

China’s military-civil fusion strategy, ambitions, and actors are constantly evolving. The 1260H list should as well.

“These companies are all connected to the Chinese Communist Party’s military-civil fusion system and related military enterprises,” Xie told NTD, a sister media outlet of The Epoch Times.

Together, she wrote, they have been building infrastructure capable of dual-use under China’s military-civil fusion strategy.

Pentagon Designation The Defense Department on June 8 listed Alibaba Group Holding Ltd. as a Chinese military company under Section 1260H, a law requiring the department to identify companies it says are linked to China’s military or military-civil fusion

"Alibaba is not a Chinese military company nor part of any military-civil fusion strategy," the spokesperson said. Alibaba is one of the world's largest e-retailers, and its stocks dipped after the Pentagon's list was briefly published.

Shen said the CCP’s "military-civil fusion"—a strategy under which the Chinese regime requires all civilian technologies to also serve military purposes—means any AGI advance in private or state laboratories will be directly applied to the PLA's command

He warned that the CCP is employing a strategy called military-civil fusion that “deliberately erases” the boundary between the civil and the military sectors, meaning that Chinese trainees could become airmen for the Chinese military.

It is opaque in implementing its military modernisation and its publicly declared military-civil fusion strategy."

More importantly, the reorganization aligns with the CCP's Military-Civil Fusion framework's goal of integrating civilian platforms into military workflows.